Cardano is a Layer 1 that emphasizes peer-reviewed research and formal methods. Its design goal is a high assurance base layer.
The cap is 45 billion. Unreleased coins are distributed over time, largely as staking rewards. A large share of circulating ADA is typically staked.
Protocol changes are written up and reviewed in public research, and much of the node software is written in Haskell. That process does not guarantee the absence of bugs.